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Political Sociology

     Political sociology is the study of the relations between state, society and citizens. It is traditionally concerned with how social trends, dynamics, and structures of domination affect formal political processes, as well as exploring how various social forces work together to change political policies. From this perspective we can identify three major theoretical frameworks: pluralism, elite or managerial theory and class analysis. Pluralism sees politics primarily as a contest among competing interest groups. Elite or managerial theory is sometimes known as state centered approach. It explains what the state does by looking at constraints from organizational structure and interest that arise from the state as a unique, power concentrating organization. Social class theory analysis emphasizes the political power of capitalist elites. It can split into two parts: one is the power structure approach, whereas another is the structuralist approach. The power structure approach focuses on who rules. The structuralist approach emphasizes on the way a capitalist economy operates; only allowing the state to do some things but not others. All of these theories describe the effects and relationship between state, society, and its citizens. Politics is also a social institution created to fill the social needs of allocating power, determining authority, and preventing chaos. It is made up of political parties, congress, parliament, or can be a monarchy.

Works Cited

Henslin, James M. "Chapter 4: Social Structure and Social Interactions."Sociology:A Down-to-Earth  Approach: Pearson New International Edition Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2014. 93 123. Print

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Body Language

   
     Body language is an important factor in sociology and communication. Body language is a form of human nonverbal communication, which consists of body posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye movements. Humans send and interpret such signals almost entirely subconsciously. It is impossible for social scientists to study body language in any manner that is not applied. Indeed, social scientists are interested in body language precisely because of what it conveys about social interactions and the relationship between nonverbal interlocutors. This dynamic can only be studied in applied contexts.

     Whether you're on a date, at a cocktail, party, or interacting with someone you're not completely comfortable with yet in any other situation, the physical cues you give off can have big repercussions. Not only can bad body language negatively inform others opinions of you, but research shows that it can even subconsciously affect your view of yourself. Things to avoid is blocking or angling away from the person you are have a conversation with. Be aware of your surroundings and what body language is and is not acceptable in that given situation. Give the recipient their space, you don't want to invade their personal bubble.
     Body language helps or can hinder conversation. Communication is key in sociology and expanding of cultures. Having one culture influence another and so on begins with communication and if there is a language barrier body or sign language is helpful. Each language has different meanings and context to use in certain situations to mean different things. Body language is a kind of nonverbal communication, where thoughts, intentions, or feelings are expressed by physical behaviors, such as facial expressions, body posture, gestures, gestures, eye movement, touch and the use of space. Body language is a key element in sociology and will continue to be.

Works Cited

Henslin, James M. "Chapter 4: Social Structure and Social Interactions."Sociology:A Down-to-Earth  Approach: Pearson New International Edition Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2014. 93 123. Print

   

Economy

Economy as a Social Institution

     Economy is the wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services. Economics is the social science concerned with how individuals, institution, and society make optimal choices under conditions of scarcity. There is macroeconomics and microeconomics. Macroeconomics is the part of economics concerned with the performance and behavior of the economy as a whole. It focuses on economic growth, the business cycle, interest rates, inflation, and the behavior of major economic aggregates such as the household, business, and government sectors. Microeconomics is the part of economics concerned with decision making by individual units such as household, a firm, or an industry and individual markets, specific goods and services, and product and resource prices (McConnell).
     The economy is the institution that provides for the production and distribution of goods and services, which people in every society need. Sometimes they can provide these things for themselves, and sometimes they rely on others to provide them. When people rely on others for goods or services, they must have something to exchange, such as currency or other goods or services (Henslin). The customs surrounding exchange and distribution of goods and services shape societies in fundamental ways.
     The basic need that economy fills as a social institution is it produces and distributes goods and services to the people. Some organizations that help this process are credit unions, banks, credit card companies, and buying clubs. Economy has values as a social institution and they are making money, paying bills on time, and producing efficiency. They also have norms for their organization and the main one is maximizing profits (Henslin).

Works Cited 

Henslin, James M. "Chapter 4: Social Structure and Social Interactions."Sociology:A Down-to-Earth  Approach: Pearson New International Edition Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2014. 93 123. Print
McConnell, Campbell R., Stanley L. Brue, and Sean Masaki. Flynn. Economics. New York: McGraw-HIll/Irwin, 2010. Print.

Religion

Religion as a Social Institution 

     Religion is a pursuit or interest to which someone ascribes supreme importance to show praise or worship towards (Encyclopedia). There are many religions throughout the world. Atheism, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Mormonism and Judaism are just a few. Atheists are people who believe that god or gods are man-made constructs, they do not believe in a particular god. Buddhism is a way of living based on the teaching of Siddhartha Gautama, also known as Buddha.  Hinduism is a group of faiths rooted in the religious ideas of India. Islam revealed in its final form by the Prophet Muhammad. Mormonism is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Judaism is based around the Jewish people's covenant relationship with God. Finally, Christianity is the world's biggest faith, and is based on the teaching of Jesus Christ.
     Religion as a social institution deals with the concerns about life after death, the meaning of suffering and loss, and the desire to connect with the Creator (Henslin). These are the basic needs that are filled with religion, because a social institution is a response to a basic need. Everyone understands that we had to come from somewhere and each religion as a specific variation from where we came from. Everyone knows that we live and then die but then what? Religion helps answer that question by reincarnation, nothing, or spend eternity in heaven. Without a purpose given to us by a Creator we would find this life pointless and be asking ourselves why get out of bed? Each religion has their own way of defining our purpose and when we choose a religion we have a feeling of satisfaction at the end of the day instead of disappointment. Religion also has its own way of explaining why people go through trials and tribulations. Some believe it's punishment for morally bad decisions, others believe it is a test put before them by their Creator.
     Each religion has groups of worships or organized places or buildings for praise. The congregation, synagogue, mosque, denomination, charity, clergy, are a few examples of groups of people or a building in which a religious service of worship is conducted. Different religions have a hierarchy of power, some including a priest, minister, pastor, rabbi, imam, teacher, disciple, missionary, or prophet. Most religions have worship services to attend where they honor God or gods and the holy texts such as the Torah, the Bible, and the Qur'an (Henslin). Religion helps define status and provides people with a sense of purpose and accomplishment.
   

Works Cited

"Encyclopedia Britannica Company." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2015

Henslin, James M. "Chapter 4: Social Structure and Social Interactions."Sociology:A Down-to-Earth              Approach: Pearson New International Edition Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2014. 93 123. Print

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Culture

     Culture is simply defined as the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next. Culture influences how a person or society views life and sets the standards for what is and is not accepted. There is material and nonmaterial culture. Material culture is the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry. Nonmaterial culture is a group's way of thinking and doing. This includes their beliefs, values, and other assumption about the word. It also includes their common patterns of behavior, involving language and other form of interaction. Our culture defines our values, norms, sanctions, folkways, and mores. Since we grow up only knowing and accepting our culture when we experience a new one it can give us what is known as culture shock. Culture shock is the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life. Culture also makes it hard for people not to look at another culture and judge their beliefs and traditions. Judging individuals or societies on their norm and behavior in a negative way is known as ethnocentrism. Culture relativism is trying not to judge a culture but rather trying to understand it on its own terms (Henslin). I think culture is what makes everyone unique. It provides our world with diversity and without diversity no one would be curious about new cultures and we would not have the desire to travel and experience these new ways of life. We also would not have cultural diffusion, which is the spread of cultural traits from one group to another. Culture changes, it goes through phases, and a lot of those phases are inspired by other cultures and societies. Without culture we would not be able to define ourselves and grow as a society.

Works Cited

Henslin, James M. "Origins of Sociology." Sociology: A-Down-to-earth Approach 12th ed, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2011. 1-32. Print.

Functionalism

Sociological Theory: Functionalism

     Functionalism, also known as functional analysis, is a theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. (Polger). Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, and Emile Durkheim believed functionalism viewed society as a living organism. Robert Merton disagreed with this statement and believed society's composed parts had specific functions, which referred to people's actions. He believed this term helped keep society as a balanced social group. There are two types of functions; manifest and latent, or intended and unintended (Henslin). This theory views society as several small functions or dysfunctions working together, as one unit. 

     This theory makes sense in our society. Each person in our society has a specific job to help further our society as a whole, and with everyone working together we can grow as a society. For example, one man who works in a factory may not seem that important or vital to some people, but if he does not do his job it would cause a chain reaction of dysfunctional events. If he does not work he can not provide for his family, pay his bills, or send his children to school. The family then goes on welfare, electricity and plumbing are shut off, and his children are not being educated to take over as a part of the new generation. They could eventually end up on the streets and be getting in trouble with the law to find money for food. This one person adds to society but without him society has to work extra to support him and his family. Every person has a specific part and role in society and every role is vital and important. All working functions affect the entire society as a whole. 

Works Cited

Polger, Thomas W. "Functionalism." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Internet Encyclopedia of     Philosophy, n.d, Web 29 Nov. 2015

Henslin, James M. "Origins of Sociology." Sociology: A-Down-to-earth Approach 12th ed, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2011. 1-32. Print.

Symbolic Interactionism

Symbolic Interactionism Theory

     Symbolic interactionism is defined as a theory that human interaction and communication is facilitated by words, gestures, and other symbols that have acquired conventionalized meanings (Encyclopedia). It is a sociological perspective that is influential in many areas of sociological discipline. It is particularly important in micro sociology and social psychology. George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley are the two sociologist that developed this theory. They stated that everything in life is a symbol and without symbols our social life would not be the way it is today. People attach meaning to objects, thus creating a symbol. Some symbols show us who we are related to, other symbols show authority, and even define our religion. This theory analyzes society based on meanings, symbols, and behaviors that one person perceives. Therefore, society is socially constructed through human interpretation (Henslin).
     Here are a few examples of how symbolic interactionism works in today's society. First, there are many examples of symbolism in a wedding. Say a bride is getting ready for her big day when her mom comes running in and says, "I have to tell you something now. Before I married your father I had a son with another man. My son is your husband to be." That totally changes things because we have symbols of sister and brother to define our relationships with people, just like bride, groom, and finance.
     Second, we use symbols to define our different religions. Specifically, christians use the cross as symbolism. The cross represents the sacrifice Jesus went through to cover our sins. Catholics also use the cross but their typical cross still has Jesus nailed to it. This serves as a reminder of the pain He went through so seeing the cross causes them to feel bad about their sins. The presbyterians do not have Jesus on their cross because they like to focus on the fact that He rose again and is coming back to us. Jewish people use the Star of David as symbolism. Symbols help define our religions.
     Lastly, symbolism shows authority in work and school. Teachers and principals have authority over their students. Seniors have authority over underclassmen. At work a CEO has a title of respect and sometimes fear. His workers underneath him are to show him respect of his authority. These titles give us determination to work towards promotions and advancing to higher grade level. They also provide competition. We use symbols in everyday life and without we wouldn't know how to function socially.

Works Cited

"Encyclopedia Britannica Company." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 2015.
Henslin, James M. Sociology:A Down-to-Earth Approach: Pearson New International Edition Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2014. 93-12

Education

Education as a Social Institution

     There are several social institutions that influence a person’s life and education is one of them. Education is the process of giving or receiving systematic instruction. The basic need of education is to transmit knowledge and skill across generations. This is mainly down through school. Vocabulary, history, math, and science are all things learned in a classroom but education also teaches people more than curriculum out of a textbook. The social institution of education helps teach young children and adolescents important life skills and helps shape them into the people they will become (Henslin).
     I know that my education has greatly influenced me and made me a more intelligent and diligent human being. From day one school reiterated the guidelines set at home. Respect authorities, be polite, and show self-control. In kindergarten and throughout elementary school I was always taught to keep my hands and feet to myself, respect other people’s belongings, and tell the truth. These mannerisms were not only taught to me but shown through the leadership of my teachers and teacher assistants. Every action had a consequence. Bad decisions lead to being reprimanded or punished and wise decisions usually led to a gold star or teacher’s pet.  Being assigned homework taught me time management skills, academic integrity, and discipline. As I got older and involved in student activities they helped teach me to work well with others, follow through with my work, and to be punctual to events. While juggling my school work, extracurricular activities, work, and family I learned how to prioritize tasks. School also influenced me to be a social and outgoing person. This social institution has shaped me into the responsible young adult I am today.

Works Cited

Henslin, James M. "Chapter 4: Social Structure and Social Interactions."Sociology:A Down-to-      Earth Approach: Pearson New International Edition Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2014. 93-      123. Print.

Sociology In Music

Sociology In Music

     There are three main theories in sociology that define how society is portrayed. First, symbolic interactionism is a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another. Second, conflict theory is a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources. Finally the third, functional analysis is a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society’s equilibrium. 

     I think a song that describes functional analysis well is “Rain Is a Good Thing” by Luke Bryan. In this song it describes how rain sets off a chain of events. The exposition talks about how he saw his dad kick the dust and look up at the sky, because a farmer depends completely on the weather. Later it says “Rain makes corn, corn makes whiskey, and whiskey makes my baby…” this is a perfect example of how one thing, rain, affects a farmer’s society. The song’s lyrics continue to describe the effects of rain on their night, “buddies pile up in the truck, we hunt our honeys down, take ‘em into town, and start warshin all our worries down the drain.” This is just one example of how one part of society satisfies and continues to maintain society’s equilibrium. There are many aspects and parts of society that affect equilibrium but I thought what better example than rain making corn grown, since we live in rural Kansas and can relate.

[Verse 1]
My daddy spent his life lookin' up at the sky
He'd cuss kick the dust, sayin' son it's way to dry
It clouds up in the city, the weather man complains
But where I come from, rain is a good thing

[Chorus]
Rain makes corn, corn makes whiskey
Whiskey makes my baby, feel a little frisky
Back roads are boggin' up, my buddies pile up in my truck
We hunt our hunnies down, we take 'em into town
Start washin' all our worries down the drain
Rain is a good thing

[Verse 2]
Ain't nothin' like a kiss out back in the barn
Ringin' out our soakin' clothes, ridin' out a thunderstorm
When tin roof gets to talkin'; that's the best love we made
Yea where I come from, rain is a good thing

[Repeat Chorus]

[Bridge]
Farmer Johnson does a little dance
Creeks on the rise, roll up your pants
Country girls, they wanna cuddle
Kids out playin' in a big mud puddle

[Repeat Chorus]

Rain is a good thing, rain is a good thing, rain is a good thing

Works Cited 

Henslin, James M. "Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective."Sociology:A Down-to-Earth Approach: Pearson New International Edition Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2014. 93-123. Print
"Luke Bryan - Rain Is A Good Thing." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 09 Oct. 2015.

Sociology In Movies

Sociology In Movies

     The sociology term perspective is defined by the Webster dictionary as the interrelation in which a subject or its parts are mentally viewed. It can also be defined as the capacity to view things in their true relations or relative importance ("Webster"). We have talked a lot about sociological perspective in class. Everything a person sees in life is seen different by another person, and this is because of our perspective, or point of view. I found a movie that shows and defines this term quite well. This movie is inception.

     Inception is a movie that came out in 2010. This movie is all about dreams and deceiving someone's perspective to plant an idea and make him think it is his own. This movie starts out with a team experimenting with dreams and creating a dream within a dream. A businessman, Saito, asks this team to work for him. Saito wants one of his rival businessman to disintegrate him and his father's energy corporation. This of course cannot happen unless the idea is his own, so the dream team teams up to study the businessman, Fischer, so they can replicate accurate dreams. 

     To create dreams they have a scientist who comes up with serums to put them asleep for specific amounts of times. They have an architect who designs each dream and each layer of the dream. Someone who follows the subject around to observe their friends and family's mannerisms so they can have accurate projections of these people in the dreams. Another team member designs kicks that bring them back from a dream. A kick is simulated by a fall or sudden jolt. Finally, they have several team members to go into the dreams and carry out their plans. 

     Saito wants this idea planted in Fischer's mind and this can only be done by inception. Inception is a dream, in a dream, within a dream. This is very dangerous because a person can lose sight of reality and what is an illusion or dream. If they travel too far into the layers of the dream they can get lost in limbo. This is also very dangerous because you can be stuck in limbo for years with no way of being able to return to reality, so limbo usually becomes your reality. 

     This team and architect takes the challenge of going inside of Fischer's dreams to plant this idea. They tamper with Fisher's perspective of reality and a dream. While in one dream Fischer "wakes up" but is actually in another dream. His perspective is that he is in reality but the truth is he is in a dream inside a dream (Inception). This movie is a great example of messing with perspective and how one minor detail can change a person's entire perspective. Perspective is all about your environment, the way you were raised, and what kind of sociological len(s) you have on at that time. While studying people or discussing sociology, perspective is a very important aspect to the way a person thinks or the way a specific group will react to something another society says is normal. Perspective adds to the creation of social behaviors, social barriers, and how societies determine normal and abnormal. 

Works Cited

"Encyclopedia Britannica Company." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2015.

Inception. Dir. Christopher Nolan. Perf. Leonardo DiCaprio. Warner Bros., 2010. DVD.

State

State as a Social Institution

     What is a state or government you may ask? The state is often referred to as the government. Government is defined as the governing body of a nation, state, or community. It is an organization that decides and enforces rules that a society must follow and regulates communication/relations with other societies and governments(SparkNotes). The government has procedures it follows on making and enforcing rules. Hired or elected officials have specific jobs. For example senators and representatives are elected along with the president and his cabinet and they are in charge of making the rules for a nation. Within each state there are elected governors, senators, and representatives that work in the state capital making laws for that specific state. Within each community there are elected mayors, and city council members that have meetings and are in charge of making rules for that community. Hired policemen, state patrol and military personnel help enforce and protect us in our community, state, and nation. The military works alongside the president in handling foreign affairs with other countries. A person or group that considers itself a governing body of a society must have the members of the societies consent. The government can not do much good if the society it is leading does not recognize the authority or power of the government or leading body.

      In the previous blog we looked at and defined what a social institution is. Social institutions are what keep society going and just like family, state or government is extremely important. Every society needs a form of government to keep order, safety, and purpose, similar to family, but on a larger scale.

     There are four main types of government seen throughout the world; monarchy, democracy, authoritarian, and totalitarian. Each has its own unique way of governing a nation ("Definition"). First, monarchy is defined as a political system in which one member of the family controls the government and power. It is passed down from generation to generation. Several European countries have monarchies. Second, democracy is defined as a political system in which the people periodically elect officials to run the government. The United States is and example of a democracy. Third, authoritarian government is defined as a political system in which the people are not allowed to participate in the government. China and Zimbabwe are example of a authoritarian government. Fourth totalitarian is a political system in which the government maintains tight control over almost every aspect of its citizen's lives. An example of totalitarian is in Cambodia (Spark Notes).

     Looking at the government as a social institution with the conflict theory lens looks different than the government we have now. Karl Marx the founder of the conflict theory stated there was an uneven playing field in society. The rules of the game were rigged because the benefits went to the wealthy and powerful people. He stated that society was unjust and unequal. This makes me think of Germany during WWII. Hitler was in charge made the rules and wanted certain people off the face of the planet, he was almost successful too. Hitler was more of a totalitarian government but the benefits went to those in power, the ones Hitler wanted to keep. The game was rigged on the way you looked, and your religious background. Some could also argue that the game is rigged today. That the wealthy people are getting away with not paying as many taxes and the poor are being taxed too much. The government helps provide the people with services but these services must be paid for through tax dollars. I do believe if someone making $100,000 a year should pay more than someone making $30,000 a year, it just doesn't seem fair for them to both pay the same amount. I do have to say I am thankful for the government we have and the order it has maintained over 200 years but I would not want the job of working for the government and deciding the laws for a society.

Works Cited

"Social Institutions: Definition, Example, & Quiz." Study.com. Study.com, n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2015.

"Social Institutions." SparkNotes. SparkNotes, n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2015.

Family

Family as a Social Institution

      What is a social institution anyway? Defined by the Encyclopedia of Quality of Life Research a social institution is a system of behavioral and relationship patterns that are densely interwoven and enduring, and function across an entire society. They order and structure the behavior of individuals by means of their normative character (Verwiebe). Social institutions are the standard or usual way a society meets its basic needs. They shape people's behavior and values. The book Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach says by weaving the fabric of society, social institutions set the context for your behavior and orientations to life. If your social institutions were different, your orientations to life would be different (Henslin 100). Every society has social institutions because they are a vital part of society.
     There are many different types of social institutions. Religion, education, and politics are just a few. However, family is a social institution that every person in society is a part of, whether that be in a sport, church, friends, work, or within their own family. Family like any other social institution has five main functional requisites.
      First, any group or social institution needs members. These members need to be replaced in order for a social institution to continue its existence. With reproduction fundamental to a society's existence, and the need to protect infants and children universal, all groups have developed some version of family. The family gives the newcomer to society a sense of belonging by providing a lineage. A lineage is an account of how he or she is related to others. The basic needs of regulated reproduction, and socialize and protect children are met (Henslin 101).
      Second, the members within the group or institution need socialization. With family the newcomer, the baby or infant, has to be taught what it means to be a member in that specific group. Each group has expectations that need to be met by the new members. The family is essential to this process. If certain needs or expectations are not met each group/family has consequences that are given. These expectations are not only necessary in the home but also out in society. It gives the member a certain confidence when accepted by other groups when their expectations Aline (Henslin 101).
      Third, a group needs to produce and distribute goods and services. This could be food, clothing, shelter, or education. This make a the group vital to society in an economic way.  Economics deals with supply and demand. The demands of a social group should equal with the supply of the social group. This helps regulate the economy so one social group is not taking more than they deserve. The family provides food, clothing, and shelter to its members. Adults work and provide these necessary items to their children. Parents also provide education to their children through words and actions (Henslin 102).
       Fourth, a social group needs to preserve order. Social groups face two threats of disorder. One is internal, the potential of chaos within the group. The second, is external, the possibility of attack. To protect themselves from an internal threat they develop ways of control. There is an order and classification to the group. To defend themselves against external conquest, they develop a defense system. A family has internal order kept by the head of the house, then the spouse, oldest child to youngest child. Each person has worked and continues to work for their place of order. The defense system for the family is the defense team (police force) within the family's community (Henslin 102).
       Fifth, every social institution has to provide a sense of purpose. They need to get people to yield self-interest in favor of the needs of the group. To convince people to sacrifice personal gains, societies install a sense of purpose. The sense of purpose helps create the feeling of belonging to its members (Henslin 102). Within a family there are many things that contribute to this sense of purpose. Different members of the group help provide this purpose by showing affection, care, and companionship. Family members provide each other with love and intimate relationships that also help them feel protected, secure, and satisfied (Verwiebe).
       Family as a social institution meets all of these requisites. Family structures are where children grow up and receive their primary socialization. My social habits were first implemented by the members of my family. Every human being has been shaped into the person they are today because of the way they were raised, what they were taught was acceptable, and what was not. Depending on what family you were brought into determines your values, beliefs, and morals because the basic essentials of life were first taught to you by your family. Once those ideas are placed into a person's life they become the typical or normal way of going about and doing life.

Works Cited

Henslin, James M. "Chapter 4: Social Structure and Social Interactions."Sociology:A Down-to-Earth              Approach: Pearson New International Edition Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2014. 93-123.             Print
"Social Institutions." SpringerReference (2011): n. pag. Dr. Roland Verwiebe. Web.